this was discussed earlier: http://osdir.com/ml/audio.csound.user/2006-01/msg00278.html regarding the excellent distortion technique covered by Hans Mikelson in the Csound book instrument 3013. However, he, does not mention any specifics about the technique used in the Csound book article. The waveshaping part of it is clear, but I wnat to understand better the deltapi part of the instrument. I've been looking into this technique again, and I would like to pinpoint exactly what is happening. It seems like the result could be described as a kind of frequency dependent phase modulation. It also seems like the duty and slope parameters exert a very similar effect on the output waveform (but out of phase with each other, naturally, as the corresponding control signals is out of phase). The name "iduty" seems kind of misleading, as it is not related to duty cycle modification any more than the slope parameter is. I'm not sure if I can suggest a better name. Both parameters generate sidebands at integer multiples of the frequencies present in the input signal to the effect. Maybe some of the dsp gurus here can try to explain what happens ? best Oeyvind