Most things where it is important to use ksmps = 1, for example doing filter math using an equation are probably more efficiently done in the UDO space using a local ksmps value than running the whole orchestra at ksmps = 1. See the "setksmps" opcode for further information ( http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/setksmps ) The manual page is a nice supplemental read that branches off of what Michael was saying about the performance loop, if you care to learn more about what Csound is doing under the hood. This is a good reminder to all of us, since local ksmps tends to be an amazingly useful feature of the language. Multiple UDO's in the same orchestra can be set to different ksmps values! Don't feel limited to the global ksmps value, you just have to get creative. -David